Artificial Intelligence can be defined as "The branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent behavior". AI, since its foundation in 1956 has become a concept that can be seen in many forms in our everyday lives. Some examples would include the 'Smart' product range such as tv's, phones and even 'Smart' homes. Other applications such as Siri and Alexa are examples of AI and companies like Amazon and Netflix use AI in the services they provide. As a group, we believe that Artificial intelligence is one of the most prevalent emerging technologies for companies to consider with its potential for application in a multitude of industries. The use of the word 'Artificial' in the term Artificial Intelligence is used to illustrate the inability for machines to fundamentally understand, develop, learn, or use opinions to critique. However, the prospect of an artificial machine to withold the same capabilities of the brain of a human being has long been discussed and debated. At the Singularity Summit conference in 2012, it was predicted that by the year 2040, a concept known as AGI, Artificial General Intellgence, which is an intelligence with the same capacity as a human brain, may be reached. Throughout the duration of our project we intend to give readers a greater understanding of Artificial Intelligence by discussing the many different aspects of it as an emerging technology. From its origin to application to different industries and how it can be used within them to whether or not artificial as a concept should be embraced or feared and also the future of AI. This will be done posting numerous blog posts which will outline our take on chosen forms of Artificial Intelligence which we will use research, experiments and personal theories and opinions to create. Bibliography: "Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving" By George F. Luger. "10 Powerful Examples Of Artificial Intelligence In Use Today" - Forbes Article by R.L Adams. "An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence" - Medium article by Arun C. Thomas 2. HISTORY (Isaac Spirit) British computer scientist Alan Turing asked the question ‘can machines think?’ at this time the first computer had just been built so he was way ahead of his time in thinking. He conducted the Turing Test which sees if humans could distinguish the difference between another human and a machine by engaging in conversation (BBC News, 2018). The term artificial intelligence was first introduced by American scientist John McCarthy. John McCarthy is recognised as being the ‘father of AI’. In 1956 John McCarthy organised the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence. The main participants of this workshop were Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester, and Claude Shannon. It lasted nearly 8 weeks and, was essentially a brainstorming session. They believed that they would be able to ‘explore ways to make a machine reason like a human being’, and make it capable of abstract thought, solve problems and self-improve (Livinginternet.com, 2018). They believed they could achieve all their objectives within a summer of course this was highly unlikely. Following this workshop extensive scientific research began globally into Artificial intelligence. In 1959 the MIT set up the very first AI lab. Joseph Weizenbaum was German computer scientist and a Professor at MIT, he famously developed the computer programme Eliza. The aim of Eliza was to confuse people and make them believe that they were engaging in a conversation with a human instead of a computer. Eliza was to play the role of a therapist. Eliza is considered by many as the first ‘chatterbot’ (Salecha and Deoras, 2018). In 1986 Carnegie Mellon University began research on an autonomous vehicle that will become to be known as ALVINN which stands for Autonomous Land Vehicle In a Neural Network. According to Oliver Cameron. ‘’ALVINN could be considered the forefather of today’s self-driving cars, The approach ALVINN took was using a neural network to drive the car, which was absolutely novel for the time and is quickly becoming an increasingly popular approach with self-driving car efforts’’(The Verge, 2018). In 1997 ’one of the great accomplishments in artificial intelligence during the previous century’ Garry Kasparov, the World Chess Champion was beaten by IBM’s Deep Blue, this was the first computer programme that had defeated a world chess champion in a match under tournament conditions. Kasparov couldn’t believe that he had been beaten by a machine and he argued that ‘’the computer must have been controlled by a grand master’’. He believed that Deep Blue’s playing style was ‘’too human’’ to be that of a machine. The world was convinced however, that it was in fact the computer who had beaten Kasparov and a machine had essentially outsmarted man in one of the most complex of games (Robert Anderson, 2018). In 2009 Google began the Google Self-Driving Car Project it was led by Sebastian Thrun, ‘former director of the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and co-inventor of Google Street View’. The mission for Thrun and his team was to ‘build an autonomous vehicle by 2020’. They have made great developments thus far and continue to research on how to improve their vehicles which are the future of automobiles. (Hartmans, 2018) In 2011 we were introduced to Voice assistants which could interpret human speech and respond in form of synthesized voices. Microsoft’s Apple’s Siri, and Google Assistant are the three most commonly used voice assistants in the world. ’Some assistants are built with more advanced cognitive computing technologies which will allow a digital assistant to understand and carry out multi-step requests with numerous interactions and perform more complex tasks, such as booking seats at a movie theatre’ (Rouse, 2018). We now have Amazon’s Alexa competing amongst the top voice assistants. ELIZA by Joseph Weizenbaum ALVINN by Carnegie Mellon University History of AI, Sources. BBC News. (2018). How the Turing Test inspired AI. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-18475646 [Accessed 24 Feb. 2018]. Livinginternet.com. (2018). Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence (AI) Conference. [online] Available at: https://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_ai.htm [Accessed 24 Feb. 2018]. Salecha, M. and Deoras, S. (2018). Story of ELIZA, the first chatbot developed in 1966. [online] Analytics India Magazine. Available at: https://analyticsindiamag.com/story-eliza-first-chatbot-developed-1966/ [Accessed 24 Feb. 2018]. YouTube. (2018). Neural Network-Based Autonomous Driving. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=101&v=ilP4aPDTBPE [Accessed 24 Feb. 2018]. The Verge. (2018). Meet ALVINN, the self-driving car from 1989. [online] Available at: https://www.theverge.com/2016/11/27/13752344/alvinn-self-driving-car-1989-cmu-navlab [Accessed 24 Feb. 2018]. Newborn, M. (2000). Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence, 28(1/4), pp.27-30. Robert Anderson, M. (2018). Twenty years on from Deep Blue vs Kasparov: how a chess match started the big data revolution. [online] The Conversation. Available at: http://theconversation.com/twenty-years-on-from-deep-blue-vs-kasparov-how-a-chess-match-started-the-big-data-revolution-76882 [Accessed 24 Feb. 2018]. Rouse, M. (2018). What is voice assistant? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] WhatIs.com. Available at: http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/voice-assistant [Accessed 24 Feb. 2018]. Hartmans A. (2018). How Google's self-driving car project rose from a crazy idea to a top contender in the race toward a driverless future. [online] Business Insider. Available at: http://uk.businessinsider.com/google-driverless-car-history-photos-2016-10?r=US&IR=T [Accessed 1 Mar. 2018]. 3. Finance - Daniel As artificial intelligence evolves, so does its role in the finance industry. Its most commonly used areas are fraud detection, algorithmic trading and banking chatbots and almost every financial institution has adopted artificial intelligence and its impact on the industry is continuously getting larger. The epicentre of this is machine learning algorithms. This is software that is able to self improve after been given more and more data, something this industry can benefit from immensely. In the case of security and fraud detection AI has proven to be a very valuable resource. Advanced learning algorithms (like those from deep learning) are constantly developing new features and learning from human input, making it harder for fraudsters. This is an area banking giant ‘Paypal’ have had success in. Being such a large company (generating 235bn from its four million transactions in 2015) it makes them a bigger target to fraud. From their leveraging of deep learning technology they were able to bring their fraud down to 0.35% of revenue, a significant figure compared to the average 1.32%. This deep learning can command thousands of data points compared to paypal’s old linear system only commanding about twenty or thirty variables. When it comes to trading AI is leading the way. AI’s tools make things easy and cheap which benefits everyone. As computers once affected the trading sector significantly, AI is subsequently doing the same but at a faster rate. This allows traders to crunch numbers more efficiently than ever manually possible by ingesting those large numbers. You can see why this has had such a ‘boom’ in recent years. The best advantage about this is its speed. Mahi de Silva said “some aspects of the financial institution are already making significant use of automation and pushing that speed advantage to a multi-billion dollar territory”. For companies who invested early into machine learning, billions of dollars have been brought in thanks to these machine learning algorithms. The only downside to this advancement is the possibility of job loss to this application. Blake Morgan defined a chatbot to be “a piece of software that can have a conversation with a person which listens and responds with relative information”. Artificial Intelligence makes it possible for these bots to vary, allowing brands to cater more for the consumer and because business today is so customer prioritised I think this is an invaluable application for all businesses to adopt. Compared to chat software which is very one dimensional and disregarded by users because of its lack of help, these bots connect more with the user and assist them appropriately which makes the users experience better. The applications for these bots is endless they can go from solving a basic problem with your phone to helping customers manage their money. For example, Money Transfer company TransferWise has developed a chatbot that allows consumers to send money via facebook messenger, ground breaking stuff in my opinion. Chatbots are even being developed by brands on social networks aswell as their own website. As much money as they save, the real value of these bots is still unknown but the future is bright! Biblography: Cointelegraph.com. (2018). Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. [online] Available at: https://cointelegraph.com/news/3-ways-artificial-intelligence-is-changing-the-finance-industry [Accessed 7 Mar. 2018]. Coles, T. (2018). How Artificial Intelligence Will Shake Up Investment Trading. [online] IT Pro. Available at: http://www.itprotoday.com/machine-learning/how-artificial-intelligence-will-shake-investment-trading [Accessed 7 Mar. 2018]. Faggella, D. (2018). Artificial Intelligence in Stock Trading - Future Trends and Applications. [online] TechEmergence. Available at: https://www.techemergence.com/artificial-intelligence-in-stock-trading-future-trends-and-applications/ [Accessed 7 Mar. 2018]. Forbes.com. (2018). Forbes Welcome. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/blakemorgan/2017/08/06/5-ways-chatbots-can-improve-customer-experience-in-banking/#7fe0e4947148 [Accessed 7 Mar. 2018]. 4. HealthcareHealthcare is an industry with great potential for implementation of Artificial Intelligence. It is fair to say that AI in the future can completely revolutionise the dynamic of healthcare. There is next to no area in healthcare which cant be improved by AI by being made more convenient or efficient. “I have no doubt that sophisticated learning and AI algorithms will find a place in healthcare over the coming years,” Andy Schuetz 2016. It can be said that there is virtually zero negative implications in regards to the use of artificial Intelligence. It can do little but benefits those in need of medical care and assist the experts in their work. Obvious applications of ai in healthcare spring to mind, including data managememt in terms of organisation of records and appointments as seen in this picture. This is certainly the least thrilling area of application as it was present in the 20th Century. (State of Affairs in a Hungarian Hospital – Photo Credit: Tamas Meszaros/Index) However thats not to say that this does not have some modern perks, like the use of analytics to detect certain trends in ones medical history, which can possibly be used to detect future circumstances. Cancer is a disease which has been targeted as an area for ai to combat. In terms of diagnosis, AI can help to try and foresee future medical conditions. Artificial intelligence is useful in its ability to identify patterns that can result in medical conditions, such as the effects that environmental and lifestyle as factors. In fact there has even been a wearable product such as FitBit which monitor factors such as heart rate and exercise and inform the user of any changes that need to be made for the better of their health. Another positive use of AI in healthcare is its effect on mammograms. Mammograms are a method of scanning for cancer in the breast and had previously a very inaccurate representation, with the application of artificial intelligence via enabling review and translations mammograms, they have become 30 times faster and with 99% accuracy. Opotellum are a company that look to 'redefine early cancer interpretation' by analyzing clumps of cells found in scans, Timor Kadir, told BBC News that the results suggest it could diagnose as many as 4,000 lung cancer patients per year earlier than doctors can. Saving astronomical amounts of time and money in the process. Certain proposals made by Ai in recent years may result in replacing those who are employed with technological helpers, otherwise known as 'robots'. Many examples include Mabu, which is a full time helper, reminding patients to take their medication and assisting them in experiencing a chronic illness for when doctors are not around, a concept very suitable for the elderly. Other examples include prospects of a surgical assistant in the form of a robot with the help of a human and lastly chat bots made in order to help those suffering form mental illnesses, designed with a fundamental understanding of the physche of the mentally unstable and installed witht he ability of treating them with the suitable care and respect http://novatiosolutions.com/10-common-applications-artificial-intelligence-healthcare/ https://www.forbes.com/sites/haroldstark/2017/07/10/prepare-yourselves-robots-will-soon-replace-doctors-in-healthcare/#411dddac52b5 https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/industries/healthcare/publications/ai-robotics-new-health/transforming-healthcare.html 5. Transport (Isaac Spirit) Artificial intelligence has a very postivite impact on Transport and Travel. Many large companies are focusing on autonomous vehicles. Uber, Tesla and Google are the main leaders in this industry. Uber is testing robo-taxis, Tesla is improving its Autopilot system and Google is running programmes on the development of autonomous cars via its subsidiary Waymo (Krasadakis, 2018). With the increase of AI, it will result in the decrease in the cost of labour for these companies. Some people might view thisa a negative affect as it will leave many people without jobs. For the companies this is very positive as they will be able to spend their extra revenue on technological mantainance and of course developments. There will by an esitimated ten million autonomous vehicles on our streets by 2010 according to Antony (2017). The late Steve Hawkins said that ‘’Unless we learn how to prepare for, and avoid, the potential risks, AI could be the worst event in the history of our civilization. It brings dangers, like powerful autonomous weapons, or new ways for the few to oppress the many.” Amazon are currently working on a delivery system which delivers small packages by air, this is called a ‘drone’ they have called it ‘Prime Air’. this will revolutionise how goods are delivered. Pizza Hut alongside Toyota have teamed up to create a driverless pizza delivery vehicle which delivers to customers homes. (Murphy, 2018) Safety is a major concern though for these autonomous vehicles, unfortunatly on the 18 March 2018 just a few weeks ago there was a fatality in which a Self Driving Tesla vehicle struck a woman in Temp, Arizona and she sadly passed away later on in Hospital. Tesla has since reached a settlement with the woman’s family. A few days later on the 23 March a Tesla vehcile crashed into the concrete highway lane divider and ‘burst into flames’ the driver passed away shorty in Hospital. It was later revealed that the car had indeed been in autopilot mode. As we can see there’s still a long way to go in order to guarentee absoloute safety but for drivers and pedestrians on our roads but we are certainly making huge strides forward. Bibliography: Antony, A. (2017). How will AI impact the transportation industry? -Prescouter - Custom Intelligence, On-Demand. [online] Prescouter.com. Available at: https://prescouter.com/2017/12/ai-impact-transportation-industry/ [Accessed 5 Apr. 2018]. Krasadakis, G. (2018). How Artificial Intelligence is transforming the transportation ecosystem. [online] Hacker Noon. Available at: https://hackernoon.com/artificial-intelligence-transportation-ea39d652618f [Accessed 5 Apr. 2018]. Murphy, M. (2018). CES 2018: Driverless Pizza Hut delivery van draws Black Mirror comparisons. [online] The Telegraph. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2018/01/09/ces-2018-driverless-pizza-hut-delivery-van-draws-black-mirror/ [Accessed 5 Apr. 2018]. Overton, J. and Wilt, L. (2018). Artificial intelligence in travel and transportation: How to take care of the fleet, the business and the passenger – DXC Blogs. [online] Blogs.dxc.technology. Available at: https://blogs.dxc.technology/2017/10/24/artificial-intelligence-in-travel-and-transportation-fleet-business-passenger/ [Accessed 5 Apr. 2018]. 6. Gaming AI in video games is designed to enhance the user’s experience. AI can be found everywhere in video games. If you’ve played a video game you’ve encountered AI. AI is the foundation of video games and whether you like sports games like FIFA or shooting games like Call of Duty there will be elements of AI found in the game. The term AI in video games is not just the self – learning AI we commonly find in other applications. This is where the enhancing users experience comes into it. The most common form of AI in video games is controlling non – player characteristics (NPCs). The two most widely used NPCs in video games are FSM (Finite State Machine) and MCST (Monte Carlo Search Tree). A finite state machine is a structure that allows us to define complex behaviours and there are three kinds, simple, medium and complex. This algorithm was first introduced to gaming in the 90s. How FSMs work is simple. In this, a designer thinks up all the possible situations an AI could face and programs a reaction for each situation so the FSM would react to the player’s actions with this programmed reaction. An example of this in video games is the shooter Battlefield. Here the AI will attack when a player shows up and retreat when its own health is running low. The AI can perform basic actions in response to the situations; aid, evade, wander and attack. The only downside to this is it’s predictability which can eventually make the game boring for the user. The Monte Carlo Search Tree is the next NPC I will talk about. This is used in perfect information games. These are games that in any given time each player has perfect information about all event actions that have taken place. Examples of this are chess and tic-tac-toe. The strategy it uses is random trials to solve a problem. The strategy it uses resembles the branches off a tree this is how it got the name search tree. The AI would think of all the moves it could make, then all moves its opponent could make in response, then all the responding moves, and so on. After the process is repeated continuously the AI calculates the best branch to go down. After making a move the AI would repeat the branch process again. MCST calculates thousands of moves and decides the one that has the best payback. MCST is a great application to use in open – world games where the situation is never predetermined. This makes the experience fresh for the user. The future of AI in gaming is looking brighter and brighter. With the growth of VR (Virtual Reality) and AR (Augmented Reality) applications the gaming world could possibly break that bridge between the real and virtual/augmented world, creating a realistic and unique experience for the gamer. With the success of Pokemon GO in recent years we can see the positive affects this will have on the gaming world. References Bevilacqua, F. (2018). Finite-State Machines: Theory and Implementation. [online] Game Development Envato Tuts+. Available at: https://gamedevelopment.tutsplus.com/tutorials/finite-state-machines-theory-and-implementation--gamedev-11867 [Accessed 3 Apr. 2018]. Gamedevelopertips. (2018). Finite state machine for game developers - Gamedevelopertips. [online] Available at: http://gamedevelopertips.com/finite-state-machine-game-developers/ [Accessed 3 Apr. 2018]. Kdnuggets.com. (2018). An Introduction to Monte Carlo Tree Search. [online] Available at: https://www.kdnuggets.com/2017/12/introduction-monte-carlo-tree-search.html [Accessed 3 Apr. 2018]. Science in the News. (2018). AI in Video Games: Toward a More Intelligent Game - Science in the News. [online] Available at: http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2017/ai-video-games-toward-intelligent-game/ [Accessed 3 Apr. 2018] 7. Benefits and RIsks. Artificial Intelligence has been described as "the ability to mimic human intelligence" This definition suggests that there is a lot to be discussed when it comes to the power and potential of AI. Like anything, there are both positive and negative aspects of Artifiicial Intelligence. Beginning with possible risks that may arise due to the capabilities of Ai, there are many. First of all the concept of Ai is that technology and devices can be programmed to mimic human behavior by performing certain tasks that have been input by an individual. Ask yourself, what if ai was accessable in Nazi Germany during WW2. Ai could potentially be put to devastating use. It is a machine that is programmed to simulate a task with no human emotion, which can be treacherous when talking about remorse, guilt or even a lack of composure. It is worth mentioning that these machines unlike humans, are not programmed to be in any way dysfunctional or display any inaptitude. Which can also lead to more risks. For example, you could ask your self driving car to get you to work as quick as possible and the car could arrive at the destination to the detriment of all speed limits and pedestrians along the journey. In other words it can be too literal. Look at what the former smartest human on Earth Stephen Hawking has to say about Ai https://youtu.be/fFLVyWBDTfo Having said this it is obvious that any technological advancement comes with an abundance of perks. One is that it eradicates tedious tasks. Ai can be programmed to carry out many of the unskilled tasks that must be done in everyday life. From taking out the rubbish to organising your desk, AI can be programmed to do the tasks you dont have time to do, or just want to with maximum quaity. This can benefit people and businesses as it enables them to be more efficient, and free up time elsewhere. Ai can also help innovate. The concept of artificial intelligence allows industry to think outside the box to revolutionise their business model. An example of this is sself driving cars. They were an idea that would never be possible if it wasn't for the existence of artificial intelligence. It is applicable to a multitude of other industries as has been discussed in various other blog posts with the aim to grow and expand. https://futureoflife.org/background/benefits-risks-of-artificial-intelligence/ https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2018/03/01/14-ways-ai-will-benefit-or-harm-society/ 8. Future It’s looking increasingly inevitble that Artitificial intellgence is going to play a major part of our lives for years to come. Whether you feel that is a positive thing or a negative thing, there is simply no way in which you can avoid it. I feel that AI is going to solve a lot of problems we face everyday, and its going to make life just a little bit more simple for people. Can you imagine how difficult it is for people who are phyisically disabled and unable to drive, or elderly people who are now no longer allowed to to drive, autonomous vehicles will be a perfect solution to their problem. It will make their lives so much more simple and they will no longer be restricted to travel and they will be able to carry out basic tasks on their own. Autonomous vehicles will be the norm in the future as they will dominate our roads. The way in which we care for the elderly is going to improve. For elderly folks everyday duties are a struggle and they often need to hire people to help them in their homes, but if they have a robot in the house to do the tasks they are no longer able to do this will keep them independant for longer and will increase their safety becuase they will no longer risk themsleves trying to fulfull unnecessary duties. Humans will no longer have to do dangerous jobs and instead we will see robots fulfilling those tasks instead. Example rescuing people, from mountains or defusing bombs, humans will no longer be at risk trying to do these jobs. Scientists are also developing atonomous weapons, these are essentially killing machines which have no human involved, they will be designed to seach and kill. Many people believe this will be the ‘third revolution in warfare’. These machines will be essentially replacing human soliders. This will definitely reduce risk of bloodshed and save many lives. However the development of atonomous weapons can also be negative because it can start an ‘AI arms race’ between militaries globally and it may have catastrophic consequences for people as they can be used by dictators and terrorists. Many people dont feel that AI is going to be a good thing for our society, but if you look at the postives and compare them with the negatives then surely you can see how it will definitely change our lives for the better and simplify tasks that were previously seen as difficult. 9. Conclusion Artificial intelligence is an area everybody has basic knowledge in. Most peoples interpretation of Artificial Intelligence doesn't go beyond robots and self driving cars. Our goal with these blog posts was to teach people more about the interesting subject and to also learn a bit more ourselves along the way. As artificial intelligence is increasingly becoming more apart of our lives, we need to learn more about the subject. We need to know what the future will look like and how to prepare for the changes, something we hoped to do with this blog. Humans have created nearly everything around us by using one tool, the brain. The main goal with AI is to essentially give mechanical objects the power of the human brain. The thought of this scares most people, even us before we did our research. But you have to come to the realization that the abilities of the human brain in a non - chemically bound object are huge! We can see this already by just reading through how it affects the various applications in our blog. With all the potential comes all the risks and you have to ask yourself the question, can we handle the massive potential AI brings? They say by around 2020 AI will touch almost every application and it is calculated that AI will create around 2.3 million jobs and replace around 1.8 million jobs. No matter how controversial AI is the positives need to be recognized as much as the negatives, and on that note I'll leave you with the question, Can machines one day be smarter than humans? References Above Intelligent (AI). (2018). Top 10 Artificial Intelligence Blogs – Above Intelligent (AI). [online] Available at: https://aboveintelligent.com/top-10-artificial-intelligence-blogs-40f048bf8a70 [Accessed 12 Apr. 2018]. AI Trends. (2018). AI Trends - The Business and Technology of Enterprise AI. [online] Available at: https://aitrends.com/ [Accessed 12 Apr. 2018]. Guest, S. (2018). SAPVoice: By 2020, Artificial Intelligence Will Touch Everything -- But How?. [online] Forbes. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/sap/2018/02/07/by-2020-artificial-intelligence-will-touch-everything-but-how/#5eb4a54244cd [Accessed 12 Apr. 2018
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AuthorDaniel Gilligan, Emmet Phelan, Isaac Spirit Categories
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